Non-metallic mineral resources development and utilization has the oldest history, it can be said, human survival, evolution and reproduction played an irreplaceable role. (1) A brief history of ancient non-metallic minerals and mining As early as in the Paleolithic Age of the primitive society, the Chinese ancestors "Yuanmou Suiren" (1.7 million a), "Lantian 猿人" (600,000 a) and "Beijing 猿人" (500,000 a) Roughly processed stones, stone pieces, and stone tools have been used as tools for fire and life. The “Caveman†of Zhoukoudian in Beijing, 19,000 years ago, has been able to produce more elaborate stone tools and ornaments for tools, hunting and decoration. The raw materials used to make stone tools were hard non-metallic minerals and rocks such as quartzite , vein quartz and quartz sandstone . In the Neolithic Age from 10,000 to 4,000 years ago, people not only used quartz rocks, but also used stoneware and arrows made of beautiful color, transparent and smooth agate , chalcedony for hunting; made of granite and marble . Stone plow, which marks the role of stone tools has been improved into agricultural plough tools. People are also beginning to be able to burn colored pottery and black pottery with clay . In Slave Society (21st century BC - 476 BC), Chinese mining activity experienced a transition from the Stone Age to the era of bronze, a non-metallic mineral raw materials as an indispensable material of human life, to obtain continuous stretches of exploitation development of. Non-metallic minerals are used in the building materials industry for a long time. In Henan, the pottery drains produced in the Shang Dynasty (11th century BC) were discovered. (Seventh century BC) human society Spring and Autumn period of transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron age is, at this time the use of clay brick and tile production has reached a higher level, but also on a lot of non-metallic mineral properties and uses have a preliminary understanding For example, people use asbestos as a wick, write words in graphite , use talc , gypsum, etc. as medicines. The feudal society period included the period from the Warring States Period (475 BC) to the Qing Dynasty's 20-year Opium War (AD 1840), and the use of non-metallic mineral resources was further expanded, but in general, non-metallic mining compared with metal mining The development is relatively slow. During this period, many non-metallic mineral resources were developed and utilized, mainly ceramic raw materials, salt minerals and ancient jade.éš‹, Tang, Ming and Qing make colorful glass, color paintings, statues, etc., and use a variety of decorative natural stone, such as white marble, granite, marble, etc. for palaces, mausoleums, gardens and bridges. . During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, various architectural glass products were exported to Thailand, Myanmar and Cambodia. In ancient China, salt was divided into four categories: sea salt, stone salt (rock salt), pool salt and well salt. During the Warring States period, salt wells were drilled in Sichuan, and the salt and iron official camp policy was implemented during the Han Dynasty. Chinese ancient jade is regarded as a symbol of ancient Eastern culture. Jin Yu in the pre-Qin period also said that gold and jade are symbols of the wealth and status of emperors and nobles. Chinese ancient jade mainly refers to jade jade and turquoise. In addition to the above minerals, dozens of non-metallic minerals such as lime, gypsum and sulphur are used as fertilizers for agriculture; mica is used as decorations and medicines, called "fire glass"; graphite is used as fuel, called " Oil charcoal"; talc diuretic heat as a drug, high quality for engraving, called "Laizhou jade"; gypsum for medicine, and used as a coagulant for making tofu; sulfur and nitrate for making gunpowder; alum for water purification, and Gemstones , seal stones, meteorites, etc. are used for carvings and handicrafts. The industrious and wise Chinese nation has developed and utilized a large number of non-metallic minerals in thousands of years of production practice, which has greatly promoted the progress of human society and improved the living conditions of human beings. The world-famous Chinese porcelain and gunpowder technology has contributed to world civilization. The Great Wall of the World, one of the wonders of the world, the classic magnificent palaces, tombs, gardens, bridges, etc. with oriental characteristics are all witnesses to the long history of the development and utilization of non-metallic minerals in China. The ancients gradually summarized some prospecting experience in the process of using non-metallic minerals. In the "Shan Hai Jing" of the Warring States-Western Han Dynasty, more than 100 kinds of minerals were described, and they were divided into four categories: gold, stone, jade and scorpion. They also described mineral salt mining and asbestos-made "halogenane cloth". It shows that this period is not only important in application, but also the understanding of minerals has been sublimated to classification. Among the four types of minerals, except for “goldâ€, which is a metal mineral, “stone, jade and scorpion†are non-metallic mineral resources. In summary, the understanding and application of non-metallic mineral resources in ancient China has reached a high level, but it has not yet reached the height of geological science. (II) History of exploration and development of non-metallic mineral resources before the founding of New China In modern China, due to historical conditions, geological work is very weak. Only a few geological personnel have conducted preliminary geological surveys on phosphorus , sulfur and antimony ore. During the period of aggression against China, Japan also carried out some geological surveys on China's non-metallic mineral resources in order to plunder China's mineral resources. In terms of metallurgical auxiliary raw materials and minerals, from 1914 to 1924, more than 20 Japanese people conducted geological surveys on more than 40 magnesite deposits (points) such as Yingkou, Haicheng, Liaoyang, Dandong, Xiuyan, Benxi and Fushun in Liaoning. In 1935 the Japanese and made a survey of Shandong Ye County magnesite mine. From 1941 to 1946, Zhang Lixu and Jiang Wenyun of China conducted further geological surveys on magnesite deposits in Liaoning and Shandong, and reported investigations. For chemical raw materials and minerals, China's geological work has been carried out earlier. In the 1920s, Liu Jichen and Xie Jiarong conducted geological surveys on the Haizhou phosphate mine in Jiangsu. From 1927 to 1928, the Guangdong-Guangzhou Geological Survey conducted an investigation into the bird droppings of the Xisha Islands and wrote a report on the investigation of the bird droppings in the Xisha Islands. 1930s geologists Tan Tin domain, Li Chunyu, Wang Zhuquan so has the Garze in Sichuan Province native sulfur, Hunan Changning Shuikoushan pyrite made a geological survey. In the 1930s, Ye Liangfu, Li Wei, and Cheng Yuqi made geological surveys on the Pingyang antimony deposit in Zhejiang. The geological work of building materials and minerals is mostly done by Japanese geologists. From the early 20th century to the 1940s, Japanese geologists investigated three talc mines in Haicheng, Jiajiabao and Songjiabao, Liaoning; some geological surveys were conducted on minerals such as asbestos, talc, gypsum and kaolin . Most of China's modern development and utilization of non-metallic mineral resources began in the 1880s and early 20th centuries, when imperialist powers invaded China, opened foreign banks, set up factories, built mines, repaired railways, and spread the science, technology, and industry of Western countries. Into China. In the late Qing government, the Qing Dynasty set up the Westernization and Beiyang Navy, and imported a large amount of cement (cement), flat glass, sanitary ceramics, asbestos products and building materials. In 1904, the British business started Kaixin Cement Company to become the leader of China's cement industry. In 1922, Zhongbi established the Qinhuangdao Yaohua Glass Factory to produce flat glass, becoming the first Chinese glass enterprise to last. In 1931, Shanghai opened its first aerated concrete plant. In the 1920s, significant progress was made in the development of minerals such as mica, talc, asbestos, graphite, gypsum, magnesite, and fluorite . The Chinese have successively opened Sichuan Danba Mica Mine, Liaoning Haicheng Talc Company, Hubei Yingcheng Gypsum Company, Tianjin Shimian Products Company, Yuyuan Xinghe, Jilin Lanshi and Hunan Binzhou Graphite Mine. During this period, the Japanese used to mine the mica mines in Zhucheng and Chahar, Shandong Province, and established Manchurian Co., Ltd. in Liaoning to carry out magnesite mining and sintering. After the "July 7" Incident, Japan invaded the cement factories in Shanghai, Taiyuan, Guangzhou and China; opened a group of magnesites in Hebei Wuyuan Shimian Mine, Taiyuan Lingshi Gypsum Mine, Shandongshanshu Graphite Mine and Liaoning Dashiqiao In the mine, Daxie plundered China's non-metallic mineral products and shipped them to Japan. Before the founding of New China, there were almost no formal chemical mining enterprises in China. At that time, only Jiangsu Haizhou Phosphate Mine; Sichuan Chuannan, Anhui Maanshan, Shanxi Yangquan, Guangdong Yingde and other pyrite mines; Pingyang, Zhejiang, Anhui two alunite ore and Hunan Shimen of realgar mines, these mines are artisanal mining, production is very low. There are very few chemical companies related to chemical non-metallic mineral resources, mainly two, one is Yonghe Alkali Company and the other is Nanjing Sulfuric Acid Plant. China's modern non-metallic mining and related industries experienced more than half a century of tortuous and slow development from the end of the 19th century to the 1940s. On the eve of the founding of New China, some of the country's larger mining companies were dying. Following; a small number of small and medium-sized enterprises have mostly closed down. In 1949, the output of major non-metallic mineral products and products in the country was only 660,000 tons of cement, 912,000 weight boxes of flat glass, 0.6 million pieces of sanitary ceramics, 64,000 tons of pyrite (1947), 5.5 million tons of asbestos, graphite. 9.43 million tons, 99,800 tons of gypsum, 226,000 tons of ammonium sulfate (1942) and so on. (III) Progress in exploration and development of non-metallic mineral resources after the founding of New China Between 1949 and 1957, the focus of geological work on non-metallic mineral resources was to provide the required mineral reserves for the steel industry and the chemical industry. The mining areas and areas that have been surveyed during this period include: Dashiqiao magnesite in Liaoning; fluorite in Jinhua, Zhejiang; refractory clay in Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, etc.; Kunyang, Yunnan; Kaiyang, Guizhou; phosphate; Anhui to the mountains pyrite and copper white silver factory Gansu associated pyrite; Fengcheng, Liaoning boron ore; Qaidam Basin, Qinghai and other mineral salts. In addition, a series of large and medium-sized building materials and other non-metallic minerals were surveyed: asbestos mines in Shimian County and Qinghai Mang, Sichuan; Danba in Sichuan, Altay in Xinjiang, and Muyunwu in Inner Mongolia; Haicheng, Liaoning The talc mine in the Longsheng area of ​​Guangxi; the kaolin mine in Suzhou, Jiangsu; the diamond mine in the Weihe River Basin in Shandong and the Lishui River Basin in Hunan. Through geological work, we have found a number of large-scale, high-quality non-metallic mineral deposits, and submitted proven reserves, laying a solid foundation for the establishment and development of non-metallic mining in New China. During this period, non-metallic mining was mainly in the stage of recovery and initial construction. The main mines and enterprises that have been restored, rebuilt and expanded include: Jiangsu Jinping Phosphate Mine; Anhui Xiangshan, Guangdong Yingde, Shanxi Yangquan and other pyrite mines; Benxi, Huaxin and China Cement Plants; Qinhuangdao Yaohua Glass Factory; Tianjin, Beijing , private asbestos factories in Qingdao, Qingdao, Heilongjiang Liumao and Hunan Binzhou graphite mines; Hubei Yingcheng, Shanxi Taiyuan gypsum mine; Liaoning Dashiqiao magnesite; Liaoning Haicheng and Shandong Qixian talc mine; and Zhejiang Wuyi fluorite Mine and so on. In order to meet the needs of the development of the steel industry, a number of new refractory clay mines have been built, such as Shandong Zibo, Shanxi Taiyuan and Hebei Tangshan. In cooperation with the development of chemical and building materials industry, Nanjing Yuntaishan pyrite mine; 6 cement plants in Datong, Shanxi and Yongdeng in Gansu; Pingzhu glass plant in Zhuzhou and Luoyang, Hunan; Graphite mine in Shandongshu; Shanxi Lingshi gypsum mine And Shandong Qixia talc mine. The characteristics of non-metallic mining production during this period. First, the enterprises were gradually transferred from private to state-owned enterprises from 1957 to 1958, under the jurisdiction of the steel, chemical and building materials departments; second, the old mines and enterprises were reborn and expanded; Enterprises have been established in batches, and a non-metallic mining system has been initially established, and production has been greatly developed. 1958 ~ 1978. In general, the geological exploration work during this period focused on the development of non-metallic mineral resources required for agriculture, steel industry and high-tech industries. Guangdong Yunfu, Anhui Hejiaxiaoling, Inner Mongolia Charcoal crater, Dongshengmiao pyrite deposit; Hunan Liuyang, Sichuan Mianyang, Yunnan Haikou, Guizhou Pan'an and Hubei Yichang, etc.; large-scale phosphate rock in Chaerhan Salt Lake, Qinghai Potash deposits were discovered and identified during this period. In addition, the proven reserves of diamonds, piezoelectric crystals , water-resistant clay, asbestos, graphite, talc, magnesite, fluorite, barite , kaolin, gypsum, limestone, and glass siliceous materials have increased significantly. A number of important non-metallic mineral resources bases have been provided. During this period, non-metallic mining gradually formed a base pattern. In the 1960s and 1970s, five major phosphate mines in Hubei, Fuyang, Guizhou, Kunyang, Yunnan, Jinhe, and Liuyang, Hunan; Yunnan Yunfu, Inner Mongolia charcoal kiln pyrite mine; Sichuan, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, three major mica mines Production base; Suzhou Yangshan, Hunan Jiepai kaolin mine and Guangdong Chaozhou Feitian Yanzhao soil mine; Liaoning Heishan, Zhejiang Lin'an, Shandong Weifang, Hebei Xuanhua, Henan Xinyang and other bentonite mines. Asbestos, graphite, talc, salt mine, boron mine, diamond, gypsum, crystal and other industries have also achieved considerable development. The late 1970s and the entire 1980s after 1978 were the heyday of geological exploration of non-metallic mineral resources. Under the guidance of the reform and opening up policy of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the geological work of non-metallic mineral resources has made a new leap. Not only the traditional non-metallic mineral resources are continuously discovered and proven, but also a series of discoveries and discoveries have been discovered. Emerging non-metallic mineral resources such as kyanite , sillimanite, andalusite , wollastonite , zeolite , sepiolite and attapulgite clay , as well as various types of decorative granite and marble. According to statistics, from 1980 to 1990 10 years, an increase of 2 to 18 times the reserves of mineral bentonite, marble, wollastonite, water marl, zeolite, kaolin, gypsum, barite, granite, graphite, talc, Glass siliceous materials and 13 minerals of diatomaceous earth . Especially during the “Seventh Five-Year Plan†period, a large number of large non-metallic deposits were discovered: Sichuan Leibo Phosphorus Field; Fuling in Hunan and Xuanhua in Hebei; high-quality kaolin deposits in Maoming, Guangdong and Hepu, Guangxi; Guangxi, Fujian, Quartz sand mines in Hainan and granites and marble mines in Shandong, Fujian, Guangdong, Beijing, Jiangsu, Hubei, Zhejiang and other provinces (cities). Due to the fruitful results of geological exploration, non-metallic minerals have become a class of advantageous minerals in China, making China one of the few countries in the world with rich non-metallic mineral resources. During this period, affected by the world's non-metallic mining industry, China's non-metallic mining industry has received increasing attention and attention from the state, especially since the country issued a call to accelerate the development of China's non-metallic mineral industry in 1986, non-metallic mining, especially It is the era of rapid development of building materials and new non-metallic mining. Mining companies of all kinds of ownership have sprung up, and the number of non-metallic mines in the country has reached 37,000 (1996). The mining of the whole people has greatly promoted the development of non-metallic mining. Expansion and construction of a number of mines and bases. The key construction projects in the chemical industry include Guangdong Yunfu Pyrite Mine, Hubei Jingyu Wangji Phosphate Mine, Inner Mongolia Charcoal Pyrite Pyrite, Qinghai Chaerhan Potash Mine and Qinghai Potash Fertilizer Plant, Shanxi Yuncheng Glauber Salt Mine and Inner Mongolia Chagannor trona mine. Metallurgical auxiliary materials, building materials and other non-metal key mines all over the country: Refractory Raw Material Base in Tangshan, Henan and Jiaozuo, Henan; Magnesite Base in Yingkou, Shandong and Jixian County, Shandong; Limestone Mine and Cement Production Base in Bohai Bay, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta And stone bases in coastal provinces such as Shandong, Fujian and Guangdong. The non-metallic mineral deep processing technology has developed rapidly, and the variety and quality of non-metallic mineral processing products have increased to a new level. Such as the development of chemical fertilizers to high-concentration compound fertilizers; the application of new dry process of cement; the development of multifunctional concrete, composite concrete and various cement and concrete products; the introduction of float glass technology; the honing of diamonds for natural jewelry; Various non-metallic mineral products such as asbestos rubber, graphite milk, synthetic mica paper, activated clay (bentonite), and special-shaped stone, etc., are not repeated here. The status of non-metallic mining in the national mining industry has greatly improved. In 1996, the national non-metallic mining and mining industry (township and above) accounted for 10.29% of the national mining output value, and the national non-metallic mineral processing industry output value (township and above) accounted for 21.19% of the national mining output value. In short, in the past 20 years, non-metallic mining has developed much faster than metal mining. Self Drilling Screws, Self Drilling Screws For Metal, Stainless Steel Self Drilling Screws Ningbo Brightfast Machinery Industry Trade Co.,Ltd , https://www.brightfastener.com