Classification and composition of cutting motion
In machining, the cutting motion is typically divided into two main components: the primary motion and the feed motion.
The primary motion is the fundamental movement that causes relative motion between the workpiece and the cutting tool, enabling the actual material removal. This motion usually has the highest speed and requires the most power. Importantly, there is only one primary motion in any cutting operation, which can be performed either by the workpiece or the cutting tool. It can take various forms, such as rotational or linear motion. For example, when turning on a lathe, the workpiece rotates; during planing, the workpiece moves back and forth; on a milling machine, the cutting tool rotates; similarly, a drill bit spins during drilling, and a grinding wheel rotates during grinding (see Figure 1).
The feed motion, on the other hand, is responsible for gradually removing material by continuously advancing the cutting tool or workpiece relative to each other. Without this motion, the cutting process would not be continuous or effective. Unlike the primary motion, the feed motion is generally slower and consumes less power. It may involve one or more movements and can be either continuous or intermittent. For instance, when turning a workpiece, the tool moves along its surface; during milling, the workpiece advances under the rotating cutter; in planing, the workpiece moves slowly under the cutting blade; and in drilling or grinding, the tool progresses into the material progressively. These examples are all illustrated in Figure 1. Understanding both the primary and feed motions is essential for analyzing and optimizing machining processes.
The primary motion is the fundamental movement that causes relative motion between the workpiece and the cutting tool, enabling the actual material removal. This motion usually has the highest speed and requires the most power. Importantly, there is only one primary motion in any cutting operation, which can be performed either by the workpiece or the cutting tool. It can take various forms, such as rotational or linear motion. For example, when turning on a lathe, the workpiece rotates; during planing, the workpiece moves back and forth; on a milling machine, the cutting tool rotates; similarly, a drill bit spins during drilling, and a grinding wheel rotates during grinding (see Figure 1).
Fig. 1 Machining movement diagram
a) Turning the outer circle b) Milling plane c) Drilling d) Grinding the outer plane e) Planing plane
The feed motion, on the other hand, is responsible for gradually removing material by continuously advancing the cutting tool or workpiece relative to each other. Without this motion, the cutting process would not be continuous or effective. Unlike the primary motion, the feed motion is generally slower and consumes less power. It may involve one or more movements and can be either continuous or intermittent. For instance, when turning a workpiece, the tool moves along its surface; during milling, the workpiece advances under the rotating cutter; in planing, the workpiece moves slowly under the cutting blade; and in drilling or grinding, the tool progresses into the material progressively. These examples are all illustrated in Figure 1. Understanding both the primary and feed motions is essential for analyzing and optimizing machining processes.
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