Classification and composition of cutting motion
The primary motion is the fundamental movement that causes relative motion between the workpiece and the cutting tool, enabling the material to be removed. This motion usually has the highest speed and consumes the most power. There is only one primary motion in any cutting operation, and it can be performed either by the workpiece or the tool. It may take the form of a rotational or linear movement. For example, on a lathe, the workpiece rotates; on a shaper, the workpiece moves back and forth; on a milling machine, the cutting tool rotates; on a drill press, the drill bit spins; and on a grinding machine, the grinding wheel rotates. All these are examples of the primary motion during the cutting process (see Figure 1).
Fig. 1 Machining movement diagram
a) Turning the outer circle b) Milling plane c) Drilling d) Grinding the outer plane e) Planing plane
The feed motion, on the other hand, is responsible for gradually removing the material layer by continuously advancing the cutting tool or workpiece. Without this motion, the cutting process would not be continuous, and the desired surface could not be fully machined. Unlike the primary motion, the feed motion is generally slower and requires less power. It can involve one or more movements, which may be continuous or intermittent. For instance, when turning a cylindrical surface, the tool advances along the workpiece; when milling a flat surface, the workpiece moves under the rotating cutter; when planing, the workpiece moves back and forth under the cutting tool; and when drilling or grinding, the tool advances into the workpiece. These are all examples of the feed motion, as illustrated in Figure 1. Understanding both the primary and feed motions is essential for optimizing machining processes and ensuring efficient material removal.
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